La relación entre la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad de Parkinson. Aspectos fisiopatológicos
Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Parkinson, Diabetes Mellitus, mecanismos fisiopatológicos comunes, polipéptido amiloide de los islotes, alfa-sinucleína.Resumen
Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson es un trastorno neurodegenerativo, que presenta una compleja fisiopatología, caracterizada por una degeneración de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en la substantia nigra pars compacta, con la presencia de una neuroglía reactiva y agregados fibrilares proteicos llamados cuerpos de Lewy, compuestos, principalmente, por alfa-sinucleína (α-sin). Por otro lado, la diabetes mellitus consiste en un trastorno metabólico crónico complejo, caracterizado por niveles elevados de glucosa en la sangre y de resistencia a la insulina. La diabetes mellitus, a lo largo de los años, se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad de Parkinson con un fenotipo más agresivo.
Objetivo: Exponer los mecanismos que sustentan que la diabetes mellitus resulta un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad de Parkinson.
Métodos: Para la elaboración de esta revisión bibliográfica se utilizó literatura obtenida de PubMed, Google Scholar y Scopus.
Resultados: Estudios preclínicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos demostraron que el riesgo de padecer la enfermedad de Parkinson resulta mayor en individuos diabéticos, y así presentar un mayor deterioro motor y cognitivo. La evidencia acumulada arrojó que estas enfermedades comparten mecanismos fisiopatológicos comunes como el estrés oxidativo, la disfunción mitocondrial, las alteraciones en la neurotransmisión, las proteinopatías, y se destacó la relación con el polipéptido amiloide de los islotes con la α-sin, la neuroinflamación y la disfunción de la autofagia.
Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo y/o progresión acelerada de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como la enfermedad de Parkinson. Por lo tanto, esta revisión intenta fortalecer la comprensión actual de los hallazgos que vinculan a ambas enfermedades.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Silvia García Viamonte, Luis Arturo Fonseca Fonseca , Yanier Núñez Figueredo
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