Inmunología de la infección por Toxoplasma gondii. Una aproximación básica
Palabras clave:
toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis; respuesta inmune; inmunidad natural; inmunidad adaptativa; evasión inmune.Resumen
Introducción: Toxoplasma gondii es un protozoo intracelular ampliamente distribuido que afecta aproximadamente un tercio de la población mundial. La expresión clínica de la toxoplasmosis está estrechamente relacionada con la inmunocompetencia del hospedero. Mientras que la mayoría de las personas inmunocompetentes son asintomáticas, los pacientes inmunocomprometidos pueden desarrollar un amplio rango de manifestaciones clínicas. Desde nuestra perspectiva, el conocimiento sobre numerosos aspectos de la toxoplasmosis, incluida la inmunidad a la infección por T. gondii, resulta insuficiente o controversial. Un reciente trabajo publicado en las páginas de esta revista evidenció tales deficiencias.
Objetivo: Establecer una precisa y comprensible visión general de la respuesta inmune del hospedero a este parásito.
Desarrollo: Toxoplasma gondii induce vigorosas respuestas inmunes innatas y adaptivas caracterizadas por una fuerte inmunidad de células T. las células T CD4 y CD8 son protagónicas en el control de la fase aguda de la infección y en la prevención de la reactivación durante la infección crónica latente. Este parásito puede evadir y modular las respuestas inmunes y adaptativas, y establecer nichos de larga duración en áreas inmunoprivilegiadas como el cerebro y la retina. En esta publicación se destaca la infección por T. gondii que revela un delicado balance entre inmunidad protectora e inmunopatología.
Conclusiones: Desde nuestra perspectiva, las particularidades de esta sui generis interacción hospedero-parásito debe ser profundamente conocida por los profesionales involucrados en sus diagnóstico, tratamiento y control. En armonía con ello, los textos de este trabajo podrían contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de numerosos aspectos de esta parasitosis.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Luis Atanasio Fonte Galindo, María Ginori Gilkes, Yamilé Aleaga Santiesteban, Ingrid Domenech Cañete, Kirenia Oliva Pereiro, Niurka Tamayo Pérez, Isabel Ambau Frutos
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